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The aim of the International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics is to contribute to intersciences coupling applied electromagnetics, mechanics and materials. The journal also intends to stimulate the further development of current technology in industry. The main subjects covered by the journal are:
- Physics and mechanics of electromagnetic materials and devices
- Computational electromagnetic in materials and devices
- Applications of electromagnetic fields and forces
The three interrelated key subjects - materials, electromagnetics and mechanics - include the following aspects: control, micromachines, intelligent structure, inverse problem, eddy current analysis, electromagnetic NDE, magnetic materials, magnetoelastic effects in materials, bioelectromagnetics, magnetosolid mechanics, magnetic levitations, applied physics of superconductors, superconducting magnet technology, superconducting propulsion system, nuclear fusion reactor components and wave propagation in electromagnetic fields.
Authors: Narváez, Alexis | Carretero, Claudio | Acero, Jesús
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Energy efficiency is the primary objective in optimal design of inductive power components. This goal is totally aligned with the minimization of power losses in the coils. Typically, coils have been constructed by wire winding but, more recently, the utilization of printed circuit board (PCB) constructions has become more common due to their advantages, i. e. low profile and ease of fabrication, among others. At the operating frequencies of magnetic power devices, multi-conductor cabling with litz structure is required to reduce losses. PCB loss optimization procedure involves determining the number and size of the tracks. Numerical simulation is a very …powerful tool to obtain the parameters of magnetic devices. However, including the internal structure of multi-track wiring in the numerical simulation implies a very high computational cost and a low accuracy of the results, because the size of the tracks is very small. Techniques of homogenization of the cabling are used to overcome such difficulty, disregarding the internal structure in order to determine the fields in the system and their electrical equivalent by means of computational simulation. The coil losses are further determined on the basis of the characteristics of the cabling as well as of the surrounding fields. The preceding procedure has proven to be suitable for cables composed of strands of circular cross-section, but should be adjusted to apply to tracks of rectangular cross-section. In this paper, different homogenization techniques for PCB coils have been proposed and evaluated. A highly symmetric reference system is selected to reduce the computational cost of numerical modeling, but the conclusions can be applied to more complicated geometries without loss of generality. Finally, the results of the different homogenization techniques have been validated by comparison with experimental results. Show more
Keywords: Induction heating, magnetic devices, home appliances, electromagnetic analysis
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230184
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-11, 2024
Authors: Giangolini, Matteo | Betti Beneventi, Giovanni | Babini, Andrea
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Measure of temperature dynamics in induction sealing processes is of paramount importance for the validation of physics-based models. In this work, commonly used commercial tools for temperature measurements, such as thermocouples, pyrometers and thermal cameras, are benchmarked for the characterization of the temperature dynamics occurring in multilayer aluminum foil-based packaging material undergoing relatively fast (i.e., ×100 ms) induction heating transients.
Keywords: Induction heating, thermography, emissivity, thermographic camera, pyrometer, thermocouple
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230177
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-13, 2024
Authors: Boukhenoufa, Farouk | Ikhlef, Nabil | Aomar, Lyes | Hacib, Tarik
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Toroidal transformers are designed using a circular core instead of the traditional laminated rectangular core, which reduces inductance losses and increases efficiency. The primary goal of this study is to understand the cooling mechanisms involved in electrical transformers, which are critical components in power systems. Steady electromagnetic, fluid flow and temperature equations are simultaneously solved (direct method) using the finite elements method FEM of a shielded toroidal transformer. The paper focuses on creating a direct-coupled model (DCM) to understand the processes involved in electrical transformers cooling, using Magneto-AeroDynamic (MAD) models. The nonlinear models developed will be implemented and validated in …this parametric study for different inlet velocities and the number of outlet. Transformers generate heat during operation, and it’s important to control the temperature to prevent overheating and ensure reliable operation. Show more
Keywords: Shielded toroidal transformer, magneto-aerodynamic, direct-coupled model (DCM), parametric study
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230243
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-19, 2024
Authors: Chen, Chen | Zhang, Wenfeng
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: The optimized design of a new high-temperature superconducting rotating pole machine is presented. Its main structural feature is the use of a double stator core which separates the synchronous machine pole shoe from the pole body to rotate separately as the machine rotor, allowing the superconducting coil to operate in a stationary state. The inner stator core, the stationary dewar and the rotor core together form the excitation system of the machine. The excitation coil windings adopt a rectangular cross-section, with flux divertor strategically placed between the high-temperature superconducting coils. This configuration aims to modulate the background magnetic field, specifically …reducing the perpendicular magnetic field component. This mitigation minimizes the impact of ambient magnetic fields on the superconducting coil’s current carrying capacity, ensuring an optimized magnetic field environment for its operation. Through the integration of these modifications, the technical and economic parameters of the enhanced high-temperature superconducting machine have been significantly improved. The optimization of design, coupled with detailed calculations of the 3D electromagnetic field, was achieved utilizing the commercial software Ansys EM module. Show more
Keywords: YBCO high-temperature superconducting strips, critical current, superconducting rotating machine, optimized design, flux divertor
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230085
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-16, 2024
Authors: Muyskens, Sean M. | Morris, David R. | Yakey, Christopher J. | Goldstein, Robert C.
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Induction tube welding systems utilize an internal magnetic flux controller (impeder) to improve process efficiency. Work has previously been done showing that soft magnetic composite (SMC) materials may be suitable to improve these systems. A test stand was devised for the physical simulation of SMC impeder performance for use in induction tube welding systems. Tests were run to determine the loading and cooling conditions in which an impeder core made of SMCs could survive. Additionally, 2D thermal simulations were run to determine the cooling system thresholds given a particular magnetic loading of the core. The goal of these tests was …to expand the design envelopes in which impeder cores made of SMCs could survive and validate their use in induction tube welding systems. Show more
Keywords: Induction tube welding, soft magnetic composites, induction heating
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230218
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-12, 2024
Authors: Wang, Huimin | Guan, Peijun | Xu, Jiacheng | Guo, Liyan
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Compared with double-winding bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor, single-winding bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (SBPMSM) has the advantages of low copper loss and low failure rate. However, if the slot-pole combination of SBPMSM is not reasonably selected, the winding coefficient will be reduced, and even many advantages of the single-winding structure will be offset. In this paper, a single-winding design method based on magnetomotive force (MMF) star diagram is proposed, which can ensure high winding coefficient. The design process of the proposed single winding structure is introduced. This method can match the appropriate number of stator slots according to the …number of rotor poles, and the winding phase separation design can be realized by reversing the slot number transposition. The mathematical models of the suspension force and torque of the bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor are derived considering the magnetic field harmonics, and the 6-slot/2-pole SBPMSM and 18-slot/8-pole SBPMSM are taken as examples to analyze the magnetic field. The finite element simulation models of 6-slot/2-pole SBPMSM and 18-slot/8-pole SBPMSM are built and analyzed. Through the analysis of electromagnetic torque, suspension force and air-gap magnetic field under different magnetic fields, the general rules of main torque fluctuation and suspension force fluctuation are summarized. Show more
Keywords: Single-winding bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (SBPMSM), harmonic analysis, torque fluctuation, suspension force fluctuation, finite element simulation
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230045
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-21, 2024
Authors: Lucia, Oscar | Sarnago, Hector | Guillen, Pablo | Burdío, Jose M.
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Induction heating is an efficient and high-performance heating method which already has a significant market penetration and economic impact due to its benefits inherent to contactless energy transfer systems such as quickness, cleanness, and safety. Efficiency is a key design parameter since it determines not only the appliance performance but also its environmental impact, with significant socio-political implications. However, it is not easy to determine and compare the actual power converter efficiency operating under highly variable conditions typical of IH. This paper proposes an averaged efficiency parameter elaborated based on technical and typical IH usage conditions that offers a useful …value to compare power converters operating under realistic operation conditions. The proposed parameter has been evaluated in some of the most significant power converter topologies used in reported state-of-the-art induction heating systems. Show more
Keywords: Induction heating, power electronics, efficiency
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230122
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-11, 2024
Authors: Mendi-Altube, Amaiur | Villar, Irma | Carretero, Claudio | Acero, Jesús
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: This paper describes the procedure of electromagnetic and thermal modeling of an induction hardening load of 42CrMo4 steel. In addition to the temperature and field level dependent physical properties of the material, the magnetic behavior of the load is captured by means of some kind of non-linear impedance boundary condition which simplifies the computational cost of the simulation. The numerical results show the critical behavior around Curie temperature. Finally, a comparison between several simulation results and experimental measurements are provided to assess the usefulness of the proposed electro-thermal simulation.
Keywords: Induction heating, non-linear load, electro-thermal model, finite elements
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230182
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-10, 2024
Authors: Pavlovs, Sergejs | Jakovics, Andris | Chudnovsky, Alexander
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: This paper considers the azimuthal rotation of melt about the vertical axis of a DC EAF, which is ensured by an inclined installation of the power supply electrodes, which is a patented solution that is the basis for this article. Near inclined electrodes, the Lorentz force has a pronounced azimuthal component, which is the driver of the melt rotation without an external axial magnetic field – thus, additional energy consumption to create an external magnetic field is not necessary. The main design and technological solutions, formulated in the patent and presented by the authors, were obtained using observations and numerical …LES study for a laboratory-scale experimental setup (capacity 4.8 kg of GaInSn), as well as using LES computations for an industrial-scale DC EAF (capacity 3.6 t of molten steel). Basic technological solutions studied: the flow of the melt may be controlled by varying the number of vertical and inclined electrodes of DC EAF, choosing the angle of inclination of the electrodes as well as choosing the sequence of turning on and turning off power supply through the electrodes. Show more
Keywords: Direct current (DC), electric arc furnace (EAF), electro-vortex flow (EVF), large eddy simulation (LES), melt rotation, external magnetic field
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230173
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-13, 2024
Authors: Kimme, Jonas | Gruner, Jonas | Fröhlich, Alexander | Kroll, Martin
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Additive manufacturing is becoming increasingly widespread and has developed very dynamically in recent years. For the processing of metals, powder or wire is usually used as the feedstock. The energy source used in wire-based processes is usually electric arcs or lasers. In this contribution, a technological approach for additive manufacturing of metal structures by induction melting with pulsed generator power is used. Therefore, the principle of oscillating Lorentz forces is utilized in this approach and analytically investigated with the aid of a FE simulation model. In the experiments, a continuously fed steel wire is inductively melted and deposited dropwise onto …a substrate heated to different preheating temperatures without the use of a nozzle or crucible. Show more
Keywords: Induction melting, additive manufacturing, directed energy deposition, induction preheating, mild steel, wire feedstock, pulsed power
DOI: 10.3233/JAE-230183
Citation: International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-12, 2024
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